Publications
NIBIOs employees contribute to several hundred scientific articles and research reports every year. You can browse or search in our collection which contains references and links to these publications as well as other research and dissemination activities. The collection is continously updated with new and historical material.
2013
Abstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Håvard Steinshamn Ragnhild Aabøe Inglingstad Andrea Criscione Bernardo Valenti Marit JørgensenAbstract
The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of grazing on different pasture types and hay feeding on dairy goat’s milk casein composition in early and late grazing season. Eighty goats were grouped according to genotype at the αS1-casein locus and number of lactations and randomly divided into two groups (Early and Late) with approximately 8 weeks difference in kidding dates. Goats within each of the two groups were further allocated to four forage treatment groups accounting for genotype and lactation number: R, forest rangeland pasture; C, cultivated pasture; HH, high quality hay; HL, low quality hay. The goats in Early were subjected to forage treatments in early grazing season, while the goats in Late received the forage treatments 8 weeks later. There was a strong effect of genotype but no genotype by diet interaction on casein content and composition. Goats grazing R yielded less milk (1.6 vs. 2.2 kg/d, P<0.001) with higher milk fat content (48 vs. 38 g/kg, P<0.001) than goats on C. Pasture type had no effect on total protein or casein content. However, milk from goats on R compared to C had lower content of αs1-casein (2.57 vs. 3.82 g/L, P<0.01) and κ-casein (4.51 vs. 5.22 g/L, P<0.05) but higher content of β-casein (13.1 vs. 11.7 g/L, P<0.001). Grazing compared to hay gave similar milk yield with higher content of total casein (24.2 vs. 21.0 g/kg, P<0.001), αs2-casein (3.48 vs. 3.04 g/L, P<0.001) and β-casein (12.4 vs. 11.7 g/L, P<0.01). Grazing compared to hay feeding improved the milk casein composition important for cheese making, while cultivated pasture were superior to rangeland.
Abstract
Traditionally, Norwegian dairy goats graze on diverse forest or alpine rangeland during summer, and these pastures are important both as a feed source, and for keeping the traditional image of goat milk being produced on local “natural” resources. Simultaneously, the grazing goats keep the landscape open. The quality of goat milk often declines during summer, with increased problems with free fatty acids (FFA) in the milk. This seems to coincide with the latter part of the grazing season, when goats generally also are in a later lactation stage, which also can cause problems with FFA. To elucidate the effects of pasture quality on milk production and quality we conducted an experiment where we grouped eighty goats according to genotype and lactation. They were randomly divided into two groups with approximately 8 weeks difference in kidding date and start of feeding experiment in Early (beginning of July) and Late (end of August) grazing season on improved cultivated pasture (PC) or rangeland (PR). Grazing was compared with hay of high (HH) or low (HL) quality. We used n-alkanes and long chained alcohols found in plant waxes as markers to estimate diet composition, and dosed the animals with the even-chained alkane C32 to estimate intake. Grazed plants were analysed also for feed quality. The forage intake was generally high, on average 1.2, 1.9, 2.1 and 1.6 kg DM day-1 per goat for PC, PR, HH and HL, respectively. The intake in the cultivated pasture the diet was predominantly timothy (Phleum pratense) in early season, while meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) and couch grass (Elytrigia repens) dominated in 2nd period. In the rangeland, the diet was diverse and consisted of ferns, sedges, blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillis) and birch (Betula pubescens) in early summer. In late summer the diet was particularly diverse, coinciding with a general decline in plant quality. R yielded less milk (1.6 vs. 2.2 kg d-1) and lower milk protein content (32 vs. 33 g kg-1), but higher milk fat (48 vs. 38 g kg-1) and DM content (122 vs. 114 g kg-1) than C. Milk content of free fatty acids (FFA) was not affected by pasture type. The effect of pasture type on milk yield and milk constituents were similar in early and late grazing season. Grazing resulted in similar milk yield but higher milk fat (43 vs. 35 g kg-1), protein (32 vs. 30 g kg-1) and DM (118 vs. 107 g kg-1) content and lower content of FFA (0.25 vs. 0.31 mEq L-1) than hay feeding.
Abstract
No abstract has been registered
Abstract
No abstract has been registered
Abstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Helge BerglannAbstract
This paper shows that a simple scheme of non-linear taxes coupled with tradable pollution permits can secure the .rst best outcome even in absence of information about abatement costs. Evidence of the existence of a Pareto optimal Nash equilibrium is given. Di¤erential system theory and stochastic approximation are used to prove that the outcome is globally and locally stable. Equilibrium is reached after repeated play. At each round agents make myopic steps and form local approximations, restricting their attention to one variable at any stage. The same procedure also applies also when stochastic elements are involved.
Abstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Bente Kirkhus Aina Lundon Russenes John-erik Haugen Kjell gjermund Vogt Grethe iren andersen Borge Britt HenriksenAbstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential for the production of edible oil from organically grown camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz), focusing on the influence of environmental factors on nutritional quality parameters. Field experiments with precrop barley were conducted in Norway in the growing seasons 2007, 2008, and 2009. Trials were fully randomized with two levels of nitrogen (N) fertilization, 0 and 120 kg total N ha − 1, and two levels of sulfur (S) fertilization, 0 and 20 kg total S ha − 1. Weather conditions, that is, temperature and precipitation, were recorded. Additional experiments were performed in the years 2008 and 2009 to evaluate the effects of replacing precrop barley with precrop pea. Seed oil content was measured by near-infrared transmittance, and crude oil compositions of fatty acids, phytosterols, tocopherols, and phospholipids were analyzed by chromatography and mass spectrometry. Results showed significant seasonal variations in seed oil content and oil composition of fatty acids, tocopherols, phytosterols, and phospholipids that to a great extent could be explained by the variations in weather conditions. Furthermore, significant effects of N fertilization were observed. Seed oil content decreased at the highest level of N fertilization, whereas the oil concentrations of α -linolenic acid (18:3n-3), erucic acid (22:1n-9), tocopherols, and campesterol increased. Pea compared to barley as precrop also increased the 18:3n-3 content of oil. S fertilization had little impact on oil composition, but an increase in tocopherols and a decrease in brassicasterol were observed. In conclusion, organically grown camelina seems to be well suited for the production of edible oil. Variations in nutritional quality parameters were generally small, but significantly influenced by season and fertilization.
Authors
Karl Henrik Haugholt Matthieu Jean P Lacolle Marion O'Farrell Atle Honne Kari Anne Hestnes Bakke Aina Lundon RussenesAbstract
A low-cost Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) instrument was developed where the traditional He–Ne reference laser was replaced by a low-cost linear encoder. An RMS sampling error of less than 20 nm was achieved by oversampling both the interferogram and the encoder signal and then resampling the interferogram using a correction table for the encoder. A gas calibration model was developed for the system, which was chosen to have a stroke length of 21 mm and, thereby, a resolution of 0.4 cm −1 after apodization. The instrument was mounted on a vehicle and employed in an agricultural field test for measuring soil emissions, in particular nitrous oxide (N 2 O ). The concentration of N 2 O was measured with a root mean squared error of 6 ppb. The results compared well with lab-based gas chromatography measurements.