Publications
NIBIOs employees contribute to several hundred scientific articles and research reports every year. You can browse or search in our collection which contains references and links to these publications as well as other research and dissemination activities. The collection is continously updated with new and historical material.
2018
Abstract
Bark beetles and their symbiotic bluestain fungi kill more trees than all other natural factors and cause great economic losses in Norway spruce and other conifers. The tree's natural defenses are the most important factor maintaining bark beetle-fungus complexes at low, endemic levels. Spraying Norway spruce trees with the plant hormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) primes tree defenses without eliciting notable induced defenses, but enables the trees to respond much more quickly and strongly when challenged by bark beetles or fungi several weeks after treatment. This phenomenon, known as defense priming, is a form of acquired resistance that enables cost-effective and vigorous defense responses. In field experiments with 50-year-old clonal spruce trees terpene concentrations in the bark increased 60-fold within 24 h after mechanical wounding of MeJA primed trees, compared with a 13-fold increase in unprimed control trees. We also observed altered transcriptional patterns in primed trees using Illumina deep transcriptome sequencing. When wounded, primed trees launched vigorous induced defenses with significant differential regulation of gene transcripts, such as those involved in phenylpropanoid synthesis leading to lignification. Resistance-like genes, such as the NB-LRR coding genes, are also more rapidly induced in primed than in unprimed trees. Transcriptome results from primed but unwounded trees indicate an alteration in the state of the chromatin, resembling changes associated with the activity of the epigenetic machinery creating long-lasting epigenetic marks. We do not know yet how long the primed state is activated in Norway spruce, but our data so far indicate that it may last for at least 3 years.
Authors
Yanliang Wang Erik Lysøe Tegan Armarego-Marriott Alexander Erban Lisa Paruch Andre van Eerde Ralph Bock Jihong Liu ClarkeAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Gunn Strømeng Magne Nordang Skårn Kari Ørstad Arne Stensvand Katherine Ann Gredvig Nielsen May Bente BrurbergAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Katherine Ann Gredvig Nielsen Gunn Strømeng Magne Nordang Skårn Kari Ørstad Arne Stensvand May Bente BrurbergAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Abstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Marcos Viejo K Slågedal Elena Carneros Igor A. Yakovlev Carl Gunnar Fossdal Jorunn Elisabeth OlsenAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
E. Stefanczyk M. Brylinska May Bente Brurberg Ragnhild Nærstad Abdelhameed Elameen S. Sobkowiak J. SliwkaAbstract
The oomycete Phytophthora infestans, the cause of late blight, is one of the most important potato pathogens. During infection, it secretes effector proteins that manipulate host cell function, thus contributing to pathogenicity. This study examines sequence differentiation of two P. infestans effectors from 91 isolates collected in Poland and Norway and five reference isolates. A gene encoding the Avr-vnt1 effector, recognized by the potato Rpi-phu1 resistance gene product, is conserved. In contrast, the second effector, AvrSmira1 recognized by Rpi-Smira1, is highly diverse. Both effectors contain positively selected amino acids. A majority of the polymorphisms and all selected sites are located in the effector C-terminal region, which is responsible for their function inside host cells. Hence it is concluded that they are associated with a response to diversified target protein or recognition avoidance. Diversification of the AvrSmira1 effector sequences, which existed prior to the large-scale cultivation of plants containing the Rpi-Smira1 gene, may reduce the predicted durability of resistance provided by this gene. Although no isolates virulent to plants with the Rpi-phu1 gene were found, the corresponding Avr-vnt1 effector has undergone selection, providing evidence for an ongoing ‘arms race’ between the host and pathogen. Both genes remain valuable components for resistance gene pyramiding.
Authors
Andrew D. Armitage Erik Lysøe Charlotte F. Nellist Laura A. Lewis Liliana M. Cano Richard J. Harrison May Bente BrurbergAbstract
The oomycete pathogen Phytophthora cactorum causes crown rot, a major disease of cultivated strawberry. We report the draft genome of P. cactorum isolate 10300, isolated from symptomatic Fragaria x ananassa tissue. Our analysis revealed that there are a large number of genes encoding putative secreted effectors in the genome, including nearly 200 RxLR domain containing effectors, 77 Crinklers (CRN) grouped into 38 families, and numerous apoplastic effectors, such as phytotoxins (PcF proteins) and necrosis inducing proteins. As in other Phytophthora species, the genomic environment of many RxLR and CRN genes differed from core eukaryotic genes, a hallmark of the two-speed genome. We found genes homologous to known Phytophthora infestans avirulence genes including Avr1, Avr3b, Avr4, Avrblb1 and AvrSmira2 indicating effector sequence conservation between Phytophthora species of clade 1a and clade 1c. The reported P. cactorum genome sequence and associated annotations represent a comprehensive resource for avirulence gene discovery in other Phytophthora species from clade 1 and, will facilitate effector informed breeding strategies in other crops.
Authors
Tuomas Toivanen Olli-Pekka Smolander Carl Gunnar Fossdal Paal Krokene Lars Paulin Petri Auvinen Etienne Bucher Timo HytönenAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Melissa MagerøyAbstract
No abstract has been registered