Publications
NIBIOs employees contribute to several hundred scientific articles and research reports every year. You can browse or search in our collection which contains references and links to these publications as well as other research and dissemination activities. The collection is continously updated with new and historical material.
2009
Sammendrag
Long-term monitoring meteorological, hydrological and hydrochemical data from small catchments are irreplaceable witnesses of past environmental conditions. This insight shaped the formation of the Long-Term Ecological Research Network (LTER) in the US, but European as well as German siblings are under preparation. Among the European forested monitoring sites, the Bramke catchments in the Harz mountains present a particularly well-documented case, with daily runoff measurements starting after World War II-related reparation cuts in 1948, and surface water chemistry being observed since the 1970ies. Originally powered by research on erosion, then by acid rain research and the then-prominent “forest decline”, a large set of hydrochemical variables (major ions) is available now with basically weekly resolution. Previously tightly connected to academic research at the University of Göttingen, routine measurements are by now performed by local forest authorities, ensuring forthcoming continuity even when public attention should shift away again from climate change research.
Forfattere
Richard Fischer Martin Lorenz Michael Köhl Georg Becher Oliver Granke Alexey Bobrinsky Tatyana Braslavskaya Wim de Vries Matthias Dobbertin Philipp Kraft Daniel Laubhann Natalia Lukina Hans Dieter Nagel Gert Jan Reinds Hubert Sterba Svein Solberg Silvia Stofer Walter SeidlingSammendrag
No abstract has been registered
Forfattere
Jan Inge Jenssen Erlend NybakkSammendrag
This paper examines the relationship between external relations and innovation in small, knowledge-intensive Norwegian firms. Our findings indicate that external relations are beneficial for innovation. The analysis shows that it is necessary to treat innovation as more than a concept. Our independent variables related differently to product innovation, process innovation, and market innovation. We found that market participation in product development has a positive impact on product, process and market innovation. We also found that top management interaction with other firms had a positive effect on market innovation and that top management interaction with external R&D had a positive effect on product innovation. This finding probably indicates that access to R&D resources is vital for product development in the context of knowledge-intensive products. The results also show that participation in conferences and courses positively influences process and market innovation and that systematic environmental scanning positively influences product innovation.
Sammendrag
Wood is a traditional building material but in general it underlies restrictions in outdoor applications due to its respective durability against microbiological decay. To face this problem, different impregnation systems are applied to enhance the materials\" servicelife. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) is the most widely distributed pine in Eurasia and hence easily available. Despite of the previously defined good treatability of Scots pine sapwood, large differences in treatment performance are reported from industry. As process parameters are always adjusted to the material most difficult to treat, permeability variations in wood material are an economical problem. Therefore, it is important to understand the material in order to make a more reasonable material selection possible.....
Sammendrag
The durability of wood in exterior use is limited by to climatic factors and wood deteriorating organisms. The natural durability of the Nordic wood species is generally regarded as low, and for e.g. decking and use in soil contact wood protection is needed. Within the last years, new non-biocidal treatments, like wood modification systems, have been developed to improve the biological resistance of wood. For information about the decay resistance of untreated and modified wood, natural outside exposure is necessary. European standard EN 252 is the main field test method for use class 4. In use class 3 the need of new or improved test setups has been put forward. Traditionally evaluation of field trials has mainly been based on visual evaluation and pick-test. However, to get in depth knowledge about: 1) different field trial methods and 2) fungal colonization of new wood protection systems, additional assessment methods can be used. Hence, comparative studies are needed.....
Sammendrag
Information given in EN 350-2 on natural durability of different wood species against wood destroying fungi is mainly based on heartwood tested in ground contact. The objective of this study was to test and compare durability of many different wood species in a field test in ground contact. The material consisted of Norwegian wood species able to give sufficient sawn wood dimensions (commercial and less utilised species, indigenous and introduced species) and imported species (Larch from Russia; Oak, Douglas fir and Western Red Cedar from North America; Merbau and Teak from Asia). Additionally, modified wood (thermally modified and tall oil treated) and preservative treated wood (CCA- and Cu-preservative) were included in the test. The wood types, 31 in total, were tested according to EN 252 and EN 350-1 at NTIs test site in Sørkedalen, Norway. Results after five years exposure show that most of the Norwegian grown wood species have low durability. This study also provides information on durability of four species not included in EN 350-2: Juniperus communis, Salix caprea, Sorbus aucuparia and Populus tremula.
Sammendrag
One of the biggest drawbacks of using European native wood species as a construction material is its tendency to degrade by fungal attack. This has lead to the development of different systems for wood preservation. Many of these systems suffer the disadvantage that they contain biocides, which can leach from the wood into the environment and damage organisms. In this project ten silanes, 3-(2-Aminoethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane, 3-[2-(2- aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyltrimethoxysilane, 3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, Diethoxydimethylsilane, Dodecyltriethoxysilane, Hexadecyltrimethoxysilane, NTrimethoxysilylpropyl- N,N,N-trimethylammoniumchloride, Octyltriethoxysilane, Octyltrimethoxysilane and Phenyltrimethoxysilane, have been investigated for their ability to increase the hydrophobicity of wood and decrease shrinking and swelling, and thus increase its ability to withstand attack by fungi. In the initial phase of the project two solvents, ethanol and water were investigated to find out which of these that gave the best result for surface modification with silanes. The results showed that water as solvent gave a surface with higher hydrofobicity than when ethanol was used as solvent....
Sammendrag
A range of studies the last decade has shown that modified wood can provide excellent protection against a range of wood deteriorating organisms, including decay fungi. However, we still lack information about why the modified wood is protected from microbial attack. An understanding of the mechanisms utilized by decay fungi when exposed to modified wood is important for further optimisation of new modified wood products. Several hypotheses have been put forward, but they still need testing. The aim of this study was to summarize our earlier studies using molecular methods as a tool for better understanding of the mode of action of decay fungi in furfurylated wood. The studies include laboratory and field evaluations of decay colonisation patterns and gene expression....
Sammendrag
New environmental benign wood protection agents often come from natural resources, and are sometimes a waste product. Chitosan, a derivative from chitin which is among other sources a by-product from the shellfish industry, is tested as well as known wood protection agents and their synergetic effect with chitosan. The objective of the research presented in this paper, is to describe the leaching properties of the following compounds: Chitosan, chitosan/copper, chitosan/boron and chitosan/ScanImp (a commercial wood preservative). A leaching procedure was performed on treated Scots pine sapwood samples. The four solutions have also been tested with and without post treatment. A new effective fire preservative has been included in the test. Common wood preservatives have been tested as references. The combination with chitosan did improve the fixation of the wood protection agent ScanImp. Furthermore, the post treatment of the chitosan treated samples did significantly reduce the leaching of glucosamine and to some extend also the leaching of boron.
Forfattere
Peder GjerdrumSammendrag
Wood products are typically produced in ‘break-down and sorting’ processes: stems are cross-cut and sorted into saw-, pulp- and energy-logs; sawlogs are sawn to boards and sorted according to quality, then split again and applied in various ways. Through the sorting processes, the ‘group traits’ become increasingly more homogeneous, but any individual identity or origin is lost after each process. ‘Group identity’ is even the method for the popular and much applied timber certification systems. ‘Individual identity’ should be an option, however, if the industry wants e.g. to send some specific information together with the wood pieces to subsequent processes, or the answer to questions like ‘what was the outcome of products and profitability of a given lot of raw material?’