Publications
NIBIOs employees contribute to several hundred scientific articles and research reports every year. You can browse or search in our collection which contains references and links to these publications as well as other research and dissemination activities. The collection is continously updated with new and historical material.
2016
Authors
Karen RefsgaardAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Abstract
This paper presents peer-reviewed studies comparing the content of deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2+T-2 toxins, zearalenone (ZEA), nivalenol (NIV), ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisins in cereal grains, and patulin (PAT) in apple and apple-based products, produced in organically and conventionally grown crops in temperate regions. Some of the studies are based on data from controlled field trials, however, most are farm surveys and some are food basket surveys. Almost half of the studies focused on DON in cereals. The majority of these studies found no significant difference in DON content in grain from the two farming systems, but several studies showed lower DON content in organically than in conventionally produced cereals. A number of the investigations reported low DON levels in grain, far below the EU limits for food. Many authors suggested that weather conditions, years, locations, tillage practice and crop rotation are more important for the development of DON than the type of farming. Organically produced oats contained mainly lower levels of HT-2+T-2 toxins than conventionally produced oats. Most studies on ZEA reported no differences between farming systems, or lower concentrations in organically produced grain. For the other mycotoxins in cereals, mainly low levels and no differences between the two farming systems were reported. Some studies showed higher PAT contamination in organically than in conventionally produced apple and apple products. The difference may be due to more efficient disease control in conventional orchards. It cannot be concluded that any of the two farming systems increases the risk of mycotoxin contamination. Despite no use of fungicides, an organic system appears generally able to maintain mycotoxin contamination at low levels. More systematic comparisons from scientifically controlled field trials and surveys are needed to clarify if there are differences in the risk of mycotoxin contamination between organically and conventionally produced crops.
Authors
Jan Mulder Jing Zhu Peter Dörsch Longfei Yu Xiaoshan Zhang Zhangwei Wang Lei Duan Yanhui Wang Rolf David Vogt Thorjørn Larssen Jannes StolteAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Abstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Yordanys R. González Orelvis Portal Erik Lysøe Annarella Chea Luis Rojas Nicolai Meyling Ingeborg KlingenAbstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of conventional versus organic common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production on natural occurrence of Beauveria spp. as entophytes in bean plant tissue, from soil and as infections in stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), an important pest of bean in Cuba. Twenty-four organic and conventionally managed bean fields were sampled from September 2014 to April 2015 and Beauveria spp. were isolated and DNA extracted. PCR amplification of the intergenic Bloc region was performed for the identification of Beauveria species. Eighty-seven isolates were obtained from the soil samples by using the Galleria mellonella baiting technique. Further, 45 isolates were obtained from endophytic tissues of bean plant parts and 18 isolates were acquired from stink bugs. Only Beauveria bassiana was identified by DNA sequencing in this material. B. bassiana was more prevalent in soil, plant and stink bugs sampled from organic fields (41% soil, 22% plant, 9% bugs) compared to conventional fields (17% soil, 8% plant, 2% bugs). All plant parts were colonized by B. bassiana, but a significantly higher occurrence of this fungus was found in roots (9%) compared to stems (6%), leaves (4%) and pods (2%) in organic fields. In conventional fields there was a significantly higher occurrence of B. bassiana acquired from root (4%) and stem (3%) compared to leaves (1%) and pods (1%). Mating type PCR assays revealed that each of the isolates carried single mating types, with frequencies of 146/150 (MAT1) and 4/150 (MAT2), indicating limited potential for recombination. Our findings show that B. bassiana occur naturally as endophytes in bean fields in Cuba and contribute to a better ecological understanding of B. bassiana in agriculture.
Authors
Hadush Tsehaye Beyene May Bente Brurberg Leif Sundheim Dereje Assefa Arne Tronsmo Anne Marte TronsmoAbstract
Fusarium species causing maize kernel rot are major threats to maize production, due to reduction in yield as well as contamination of kernels by mycotoxins that poses a health risk to humans and animals. Two-hundred maize kernel samples, collected from 20 major maize growing areas in Ethiopia were analyzed for the identity, species composition and prevalence of Fusarium species and fumonisin contamination. On average, 38 % (range: 16 to 68 %) of maize kernels were found to be contaminated by different fungal species. Total of eleven Fusarium spp. were identified based on morphological characteristics and by sequencing the partial region of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α) gene. Fusarium verticillioides was the dominant species associated with maize kernels (42 %), followed by F. graminearum species complex (22.5 %) and F. pseudoanthophilium (13.4 %). The species composition and prevalence of Fusarium species differed among the areas investigated. Fusarium species composition was as many as eight and as few as four in some growing area. The majority of the maize samples (77 %) were found positive for fumonisin, with concentrations ranging from 25 μg kg−1 to 4500 μg kg−1 (mean: 348 μg kg−1 and median: 258 μg kg−1). Slight variation in fumonisin concentration was also observed among areas. Overall results indicate widespread occurrence of several Fusarium species and contamination by fumonisin mycotoxins. These findings are useful for intervention measures to reduce the impact of the main fungal species and their associated mycotoxins, by creating awareness and implementation of good agricultural practices.
Authors
Lone RossAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Paul Eric Aspholm Bjørn Frantzen Tor-Arne Bjørn Hallvard Jensen Lars Ola Nilsson Eva Narten HøbergAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Signe Nybø Hege Gundersen Kristian Hassel Knut Anders Hovstad Line Johansen Ken Olaf Storaunet Gro Ingleid van der MeerenAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Knut Arne Smeland Kristian Hovde Liland Jakub Sandak Anna Sandak Lone Ross Thomas Kringlebotn Thiis Ingunn BurudAbstract
Untreated wooden surfaces degrade when exposed to natural weathering. In this study thin wood samples were studied for weather degradation effects utilising a hyperspectral camera in the near infrared wavelength range in transmission mode. Several sets of samples were exposed outdoors for time intervals from 0 days to 21 days, and one set of samples was exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in a laboratory chamber. Spectra of earlywood and latewood were extracted from the hyperspectral image cubes using a principal component analysis-based masking algorithm. The degradation was modelled as a function of UV solar radiation with four regression techniques, partial least squares, principal component regression, Ridge regression and Tikhonov regression. It was found that all the techniques yielded robust prediction models on this dataset. The result from the study is a first step towards a weather dose model determined by temperature and moisture content on the wooden surface in addition to the solar radiation.