Publications
NIBIOs employees contribute to several hundred scientific articles and research reports every year. You can browse or search in our collection which contains references and links to these publications as well as other research and dissemination activities. The collection is continously updated with new and historical material.
2000
Authors
Tor MykingAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Tore SkrøppaAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Bjørn ØklandAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Per Holm Nygaard Heleen A. de WitAbstract
Elevated concentrations of aluminium (Al) which have been hypothesized to limit root growth of forest trees as well as nutrient uptake, are believed to be a major threat to forest vitality. Direct toxicity of Al, causing decreased root growth has been observed in several nutrient solut ion studies and in some pot experiments using seedlings.However, direct support for the occurrence of decreased root growth in mature forest stands is scarce. Despite the uncertainty concerning effects of ambient concentrations of Al in soil water on fine roots, the concentrations of dissolved Al in forest soils has been assigned a key role in models used to calculate critical loads.Here we present results of three years of artificial additions of Al on fine root growth in a mature stand of Norway spruce (Piece abies). During the growing season the average concentrations of dissolved inorganic in soil water at 10-cm soil depth ranged from about 1 mol L-1 (control) to 120 mol L-1 (highest Al treatment).According to nutrient solution studies the established concentrations of dissolved inorganic Al reached levels that may be toxic. In addition, the Ca/Al ratios were well below 1.0, a value, which is regarded as a lower limit below which negative effects on vegetation may be expected.So far, no effects on fine root growth, root mortality and root distribution has been observed. Chemical analysis of the fine roots indicate a lower molar Ca/Al ratio in living fine roots of 0-20 cm depth and dead fine roots 0-40cm in the Al treatments compared to controls.Our study does not support the critical load assumption that Ca/Al 1 in soil solution is critical to fineroots, as shown by some culture solution experiments. The molar Ca/Al ratio of fine roots mainly reflect the soil chemical composition, which has a steep depth gradient So far, three years of Al additions has shown that the soilmatrix is an extremely robust growth medium, which can sustain high inorganic Al concentration and low Ca/Al ratios.The results show clearly that the value of Ca/Al or BC/Al as used in critical load calculation and plant soil modeling, may have to be reconsidered.
Authors
P.C. Evensen Halvor Solheim Klaus Høiland J. StenersenAbstract
Three clones of Norway spruce (Picea abies) were studied for their response to mass-inoculation with the blue-stain fungus Ceratocystis polonica. The effect of different pretreatments (fungal inoculation and wounding) before mass-inoculation was investigated for their possible role in an acquired resistance reaction.Pretreated trees showed enhanced resistance to the subsequent mass-inoculation relative to control trees that received no pretreatment. Furthermore, the fungal colonization of inoculated trees was less than that of wounded trees. The phenolic content of the bark, analysed by RP-HPLC, was compared in trees receiving different treatments.Trees inoculated with C. polonica had higher average concentration of ()-catechin, taxifolin and trans-resveratrol than wounded trees. Both inoculated and wounded trees had higher average concentrations of these compounds than control trees.The effect of the phenolic extract of Norway spruce bark on the growth of the root rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum and the blue-stain fungi C. polonica and Ophiostoma penicillatum were investigated in vitro. Heterobasidion annosum was not negatively affected, and the extracts had fungistatic effects on the blue-stain fungi. The growth of O. penicillatum was more inhibited than the growth of the more aggressive C. polonica.
Authors
Trygve Krekling Vincent R. Franceschi Alan A. Berryman Erik ChristiansenAbstract
A developmental and structural characterization of polyphenolic parenchyma cells (PP cells) in Norway spruce bark was undertaken as part of our studies on their role in defense against bark beetles and pathogenic fungi.PP cells form multiple circumferential layers of cells within the secondary phloem. A layer of PP cells begins differentiation at the start of each growth season, delineating an-nual growth increments in the secondary phloem. The PP cells grow in size over a number of years, and remain viable even in the oldest phloem layers of trees 100 years old.While most spruce clones examined had PP cell layers that are one cell thick, in one clone the PP cell layer is 2 cells thick with additional PP cells scattered throughout the intervening blocks of sieve cells. The additional cells develop from undifferentiated axial parenchyma cells during the first 5-8 years after formation of the PP cell layer.Division of PP cells in phloem layers older than 8 years give rise to additional PP cells. This accommodates the expansion of the stem circumference while maintaining the intactness of this defense barrier.The importance of phenolic accumulation is also indicated by examination of early stem development. PP cells are produced during the earliest stages of interfascicular cambium formation, and well organized layers are produced by the second year of growth. PP cells in all layers of 25 year old tree bark contained starch, lipids and polyphenolics, which changed in amount or character in a seasonal pattern.Plasmodesmata are abundant between adjacent PP cells and PP cells and ray parenchyma, where they are probably critical to nutrient and defense signal transport in the radial and axial directions. The formation of a new PP cell layer each season, the maintenance of the cells for many years, the early organization of this layer in the primary stem, and the dynamic physiological activity even older cells exhibit, supports
Authors
Seif S. Madoffe Alf Bakke J.A. TarimoAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Leif Aarvik K. Berggren Lars Ove HansenAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Marc H. Schneider J.G. Phillips Stig LandeAbstract
Filling wood cell cavities or modifying walls with polymer improves mechanical properties and reduces influences of moisture and biodeterioration agents. Properties of untreated wood and wood polymer composites are presented in the paper.
Authors
Anders Lönneborg Marianne JensenAbstract
No abstract has been registered