Publications
NIBIOs employees contribute to several hundred scientific articles and research reports every year. You can browse or search in our collection which contains references and links to these publications as well as other research and dissemination activities. The collection is continously updated with new and historical material.
2002
Authors
Per K. Egeberg Alfred A. Christy Morten EikenesAbstract
The objectives of this work are; 1) to determine the diffuison coefficients of NOM by diffusivimetry. 2) to compare the results with diffusion coefficients determined by two other methods (fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and dynamic adsorption experiments (DAM). 3) to compare molecular weights derived from the diffusion coefficients to molecular weights determined by three different ultra filtration experiments and High Perfomance Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC). The diffusion coefficients determined in this work (stirred diffusion cell) are about 70% higher than determined by DAM, and agree well with diffusion coefficients determined by FCS. Molecular weights determined by HPSEC are of the same magnitude as molecular weights derived from diffusion coefficients. Molecular weights determined by ultra filtration vary considerably depending on the choice of membrane types. Membranes made of cellulose acetate generate results similar to results derived from diffusion coefficients. Membranes made of regenerated cellulose and polyether sulfone appear to retain too much NOM, resulting in artificially high molecular weights.
Authors
Halvor SolheimAbstract
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Authors
Tore SkrøppaAbstract
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To estimate the age of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) logs by means of decay classes, and to assess how long it takes for downed logs to decompose, we dated logs dendrochronologically by applying 5- and 8-grade decay classification systems. Study sites were chosen in old-growth and previously selectively cut forest stands in boreal south-central Scandinavia; 113 logs were dated to the number of years since death, 120 were dated to the number of years since fall, and 61 logs were dated to both. The number of years from death to fall showed a negative exponential distribution, with a mean of 22 years and a range of 0–91 years. Decay classes of logs (8-grade scale) reflected time since fall (R2 = 0.58) better than time since death (R2 = 0.27) in a linear regression model. This result is due to the lower decomposition rate of standing snags. Therefore, the decomposition time of logs should be divided into two periods: time from death to fall, which varies considerably, and time after fall, which appears to follow a linear relationship with decay class. The model predicted that it takes 100 years after fall for downed logs to decompose completely (reaching decay class 8) in old-growth stands. Logs in selectively cut stands appeared to decompose faster (64 years), which is explained by a sample shortage of old logs resulting from previous cuttings. We conclude that the decomposition time of downed logs may be severely underestimated when data is retrospectively compiled from previously logged forest stands.
Authors
Grete Rasmussen Gunnar Fremmersvik Rolf Arnt OlsenAbstract
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Historical reconstructions of past forest dynamics and stand structures have been used to establish reference conditions for managing present forest ecosystems. In this study we (1) developed and combined a suite of stand reconstruction techniques to describe past stand characteristics, and (2) applied these stand histories to evaluate the relationship between wood-decay fungi and forest continuity. Ten previous selectively logged stands of Norway spruce (<i>Picea abies</i> (L.) Karst.), in the middle boreal zone of southeastern Norway, were studied. We reconstructed stand structures during the 20th century using tree-ring series, growth patterns, age structures, and decay classification and datings of stumps and logs. All stands were selectively logged between 1890 and 1965, with a mean logging interval of 25 years. Harvested volumes (1900-1965) constituted 25-99% of present standing volumes and present volumes were 2.6-21 (median 4) times higher than the lowest estimated historic volumes. Dead wood was categorized into eight decay classes, where one is recently fallen, and eight is almost completely decayed. Six fungus species, assumed to indicate dead-wood continuity, were found on logs in decay classes 2-4, all of which were estimated to be<30 years old. Logs in decay classes 1-4 constituted 85% of logs >=20 cm. Expectedly, fungus abundance increased linearly with increasing number of available logs, but we failed to find a positive correlation between fungi abundance and number of old logs present (decay classes 5-8), when the effect of younger logs (2-4) was accounted for. This finding, together with the stand histories, does not lend support to the hypothesis that a continuous supply of dead wood, at the scale of forest stands, is crucial for the occurrence of the surveyed wood-decay fungi. We propose forest stand reconstructions to hold promise as a tool to assess the role of structural continuity for the occurrence of late-successional and old-growth species
Abstract
Tree resistance to the patogenic blue stain fungus Ceratocystis polonica was studied in a monoclonal stand of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L] Karst.) in relation to tree social status and diameter at breast height (DBH). The DBH distribution of the 33-year-old stand ranged from 5 to 35 cm. There were clear differences in tree height between the suppressed (DBH 7.4-10.3 cm), co-dominant (DBH 11.8-17.4 cm) and dominant (DBH 18.6-23.9 cm) tree classes. The resistance was tested by mass inoculating trees with a low (400 inoculations m-2, 60 cm inoculation belt) or high (400 inoculations m-2, 120 cm inoculation belt) dosage. The small, suppressed trees were more susceptible to inoculation than the co-dominant and dominant trees, based on amount of blue-stained and occluded sapwood, lesion length, and dead cambium/phloem. A threshold in tree social status or tree size might be important in the overall resistance to fungal infection.