Publications
NIBIOs employees contribute to several hundred scientific articles and research reports every year. You can browse or search in our collection which contains references and links to these publications as well as other research and dissemination activities. The collection is continously updated with new and historical material.
2024
Authors
Malin Olsen Wedaa Stine Samsonstuen Helge Bonesmo Bente Aspeholen Åby Erland Kjesbu Magne Bergfjord Rune OkstadAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Abstract
No abstract has been registered
Abstract
1. We propose that the ecological resilience of communities to permanent changes of the environment can be based on how variation in the overall abundance of individuals affects the number of species. Community sensitivity is defined as the ratio between the rate of change in the log expected number of species and the rate of change in the log expected number of individuals in the community. High community sensitivity means that small changes in the total abundance strongly impact the number of species. Community resistance is the proportional reduction in expected number of individuals that the community can sustain before expecting to lose one species. A small value of community resistance means that the community can only endure a small reduction in abundance before it is expected to lose one species. 2. Based on long-term studies of four bird communities in European deciduous forests at different latitudes large differences were found in the resilience to environmental perturbations. Estimating the variance components of the species abundance distribution revealed how different processes contributed to the community sensitivity and resistance. Species heterogeneity in the population dynamics was the largest component, but its proportion varied among communities. Species-specific response to environmental fluctuations was the second major component of the variation in abundance. 3. Estimates of community sensitivity and resistance based on data only from a single year were in general larger than those based on estimates from longer time series. Thus, our approach can provide rapid and conservative assessment of the resilience of communities to environmental changes also including only short-term data. 4. This study shows that a general ecological mechanism, caused by increased strength of density dependence due to reduction in resource availability, can provide an intuitive measure of community resilience to environmental variation. Our analyses also illustrate the importance of including specific assumptions about how different processes affect community dynamics. For example, if stochastic fluctuations in the environment affect all species in a similar way, the sensitivity and resistance of the community to environmental changes will be different from communities in which all species show independent responses.
Authors
Monica Sanden Johanna Eva Bodin Nur Duale Kristian Prydz Volha Shapaval Anne-Marthe Ganes Jevnaker Ville Erling Sipinen Tage ThorstensenAbstract
The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) has assessed an application for approval of the genetically modified maize DP23211 for food and feed uses, import and processing in the EU. In accordance with an assignment specified by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) and the Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA), VKM assesses whether genetically modified organisms (GMOs) intended for the European market can pose risks to human or animal health, or the environment in Norway. VKM assesses the scientific documentation regarding GMO applications seeking approval for use of GMOs as food and feed, processing, or cultivation. The EU Regulation 1829/2003/EC (Regulation) covers living GMOs that fall under the Norwegian Gene Technology Act, as well as processed food and feed from GMOs (dead material) that fall under the Norwegian Food Act. The regulation is currently not part of the EEA agreement or implemented in Norwegian law. Norway conducts its own assessments of GMO applications in preparation for the possible implementation of the Regulation. In accordance with the assignment by NFSA and NEA, VKM assesses GMO applications during scientific hearings initiated by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), as well as after EFSA has published its own risk assessment of a GMO, up until EU member countries vote for or against approval in the EU Commission. The assignment is divided into three stages. (link) Maize DP23211 DP23211 is a genetically modified maize that expresses the double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) DvSSJ1, and the insecticidal protein IPD072Aa, both conferring resistance to corn rootworm pests. DP23211 maize also expresses the enzyme phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) for tolerance to glufosinate herbicide, and the enzyme phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) used as a selectable marker during development. The scientific documentation provided in the application for DP23211 maize is adequate for risk assessment, and in accordance with EFSA guidance on risk assessment of genetically modified plants for use in food or feed. The VKM GMO panel does not consider the introduced modifications in DP23211 maize to imply potential specific health or environmental risks in Norway, compared to EU-countries. The EFSA scientific Opinion is adequate also for Norwegian conditions. Therefore, a full risk assessment of DP23211 maize was not performed by the VKM GMO Panel. About the assignment: In stage 1, VKM shall assess the health and environmental risks of the genetically modified organism and derived products in connection with the EFSA scientific hearing of GMO applications. VKM shall review the scientific documentation that the applicant has submitted and possibly provide comments to EFSA. VKM must also consider: i) whether there are specific Norwegian conditions that could give other risks in Norway than those mentioned in the application, ii) whether the Norwegian diet presents a different health risk for the Norwegian population should the GMO be approved, compared to the European population, and iii) risks associated with co-existence with conventional and/or ecologic production of plants for GMOs seeking approval for cultivation. Relevant measures to ensure co-existence must also be considered. In stage 2, VKM shall assess whether comments from Norway have been satisfactorily answered by EFSA. In addition, VKM shall assess whether comments from other countries imply need for further follow-up. If EFSAs response to Norwegian comments is not satisfactory, or comments by other countries imply the need for further follow-up, VKM shall in stage 3 perform a risk assessment of these conditions, including conditions specific to Norway.
Authors
Monica Sanden Johanna Eva Bodin Nur Duale Anne-Marthe Ganes Jevnaker Kristian Prydz Volha Shapaval Ville Erling Sipinen Tage ThorstensenAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Monica Sanden Eirill Ager-Wick Johanna Eva Bodin Nur Duale Anne-Marthe Ganes Jevnaker Kristian Prydz Ville Erling Sipinen Volha Shapaval Tage ThorstensenAbstract
Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø (VKM) har vurdert en søknad om godkjenning av den genmodifiserte maisen MON 95275. Maisen er søkt godkjent til import, videreforedling og til bruk som mat og fôr i EU-området. I et løpende oppdrag fra Mattilsynet og Miljødirektoratet, vurderer VKM om genmodifiserte organismer og prosessert mat og fôr fra disse kan utgjøre en risiko for helse og miljø. EUs forordning 1829/2003/EF (Forordningen) omfatter både genmodifiserte organismer (levende), som faller inn under den norske genteknologiloven, og genmodifisert, prosessert mat og fôr (dødt materiale avledet fra GMO) som faller inn under den norske matloven. Forordningen er i dag ikke en del av EØS-avtalen eller norsk rett. Norge vurderer søknadene som en forberedelse til at forordningen eventuelt implementeres. VKM vurderer søknader både i den vitenskapelige høringsperioden, som den europeiske myndighet for næringsmiddeltrygghet (EFSA) gjennomfører, og i perioden fra EFSA har offentliggjort en risikovurdering og til EUs medlemsland stemmer for eller imot godkjenning av den genmodifiserte organismen i kommisjonen. VKMs oppdraget er delt inn i tre trinn. (lenke oppdragsbrev) Mais MON 95275 MON 95275 er en genmodifisert mais utviklet ved transformasjon av planteceller ved hjelp av Agrobacterium tumefaciens. MON 95275 uttrykker transgenene mpp75Aa1.1 og vpb4Da2, som henholdsvis koder for proteinene Mpp75Aa1.1 (Cry) og Vpb4Da2 (Vip), og et dobbelt-trådet RNA transkript DvSnf7. Transgenene gjør MON 95275 resistent mot enkelte planteskadegjørere i insektordenen Coleoptera (biller). Den vitenskapelige dokumentasjonen i søknaden for mais MON 95275 er dekkende for risikovurdering, og i samsvar med EFSAs retningslinjer for risikovurdering av genmodifiserte planter til bruk i mat eller fôr. De genetiske endringene i mais MON 95275 tilsier ingen økt helse- eller miljørisiko i Norge sammenlignet med EU-land. EFSAs risikovurdering er dermed tilstrekkelig også for norske forhold. Ettersom det ikke har blitt identifisert særnorske forhold vedrørende mais MON 95275, har VKMs GMO panel ikke utført en fullstendig risikovurdering. Om oppdraget: I trinn 1 skal VKM, i forbindelse med EFSAs vitenskapelige høring av GMO-søknader, vurdere helse- og miljørisiko ved den genmodifiserte organismen og dens avledete produkter. VKM skal gjennomgå den vitenskapelige dokumentasjonen som søker har sendt inn og evt. gi innspill til EFSA. VKM skal også vurdere: i) om det er særnorske forhold som vil kunne gi andre risikoer i Norge enn de som er omtalt i søknaden, ii) om norsk kosthold kan gi en økt helserisiko for befolkningen i Norge ved en eventuell godkjenning, sammenliknet med befolkningen i resten av Europa, og iii) risiko knyttet til sameksistens med konvensjonell og/eller økologisk produksjon for genmodifiserte planter som søkes godkjent for dyrking. Aktuelle virkemidler for å sikre sameksistens skal også vurderes. I trinn 2 skal VKM vurdere om innspill fra Norge er tilfredsstillende besvart av EFSA. I tillegg skal VKM vurdere om noen av EFSAs kommentarer til andre lands innspill gir grunnlag for videre oppfølging. Dersom EFSAs svar til norske innspill ikke er tilfredsstillende, eller andre lands innspill gir grunnlag for videre oppfølging, skal VKM i trinn 3 utføre en risikovurdering av de aktuelle forholdene, inkludert eventuelle særnorske forhold.
Authors
Monica Sanden Eirill Ager-Wick Johanna Eva Bodin Nur Duale Anne-Marthe Ganes Jevnaker Kristian Prydz Volha Shapaval Ville Erling Sipinen Tage ThorstensenAbstract
Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø (VKM) har vurdert en søknad om godkjenning av den genmodifiserte maisen DP910521. Maisen er søkt godkjent til import, videreforedling og til bruk som mat og fôr i EU-området. I et løpende oppdrag fra Mattilsynet og Miljødirektoratet, vurderer VKM om genmodifiserte organismer og prosessert mat og fôr fra disse kan utgjøre en risiko for helse og miljø. EUs forordning 1829/2003/EF (Forordningen) omfatter både genmodifiserte organismer (levende), som faller inn under den norske genteknologiloven, og genmodifisert, prosessert mat og fôr (dødt materiale avledet fra GMO) som faller inn under den norske matloven. Forordningen er i dag ikke en del av EØS-avtalen eller norsk rett. Norge vurderer søknadene som en forberedelse til at forordningen eventuelt implementeres. VKM vurderer søknader både i den vitenskapelige høringsperioden, som den europeiske myndighet for næringsmiddeltrygghet (EFSA) gjennomfører, og i perioden fra EFSA har offentliggjort en risikovurdering og til EUs medlemsland stemmer for eller imot godkjenning av den genmodifiserte organismen i kommisjonen. VKMs oppdraget er delt inn i tre trinn. (lenke oppdragsbrev) Mais DP910521 DP910521 er en genmodifisert mais utviklet ved stedsspesifikk integrering (SSI) av transgener i maisens genom/arvestoff. Mais DP910521 uttrykker transgenene cry1B.34, pat og pmi, som koder for henholdsvis proteinene Cry1B.34, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) og phosphomannose isomerase (PMI). Cry1B.34 er et insekticid som gir resistens mot enkelte planteskadegjørere i insektordenen Lepidoptera (sommerfugler og møll), PAT er et enzym som gir økt toleranse for glufosinat-ammonium baserte ugressmidler, og PMI er et enzym benyttet som seleksjonsmarkør under utvikling av planten. Den vitenskapelige dokumentasjonen i søknaden for mais DP910521 er dekkende for risikovurdering, og i samsvar med EFSAs retningslinjer for risikovurdering av genmodifiserte planter til bruk i mat eller fôr. De genetiske endringene i mais DP910521 tilsier ingen økt helse- eller miljørisiko i Norge sammenlignet med EU-land. EFSAs risikovurdering er dermed tilstrekkelig også for norske forhold. Ettersom det ikke har blitt identifisert særnorske forhold vedrørende mais DP910521, har VKMs GMO panel ikke utført en fullstendig risikovurdering. Om oppdraget: I trinn 1 skal VKM, i forbindelse med EFSAs vitenskapelige høring av GMO-søknader, vurdere helse- og miljørisiko ved den genmodifiserte organismen og dens avledete produkter. VKM skal gjennomgå den vitenskapelige dokumentasjonen som søker har sendt inn og evt. gi innspill til EFSA. VKM skal også vurdere: i) om det er særnorske forhold som vil kunne gi andre risikoer i Norge enn de som er omtalt i søknaden, ii) om norsk kosthold kan gi en økt helserisiko for befolkningen i Norge ved en eventuell godkjenning, sammenliknet med befolkningen i resten av Europa, og iii) risiko knyttet til sameksistens med konvensjonell og/eller økologisk produksjon for genmodifiserte planter som søkes godkjent for dyrking. Aktuelle virkemidler for å sikre sameksistens skal også vurderes. I trinn 2 skal VKM vurdere om innspill fra Norge er tilfredsstillende besvart av EFSA. I tillegg skal VKM vurdere om noen av EFSAs kommentarer til andre lands innspill gir grunnlag for videre oppfølging. Dersom EFSAs svar til norske innspill ikke er tilfredsstillende, eller andre lands innspill gir grunnlag for videre oppfølging, skal VKM i trinn 3 utføre en risikovurdering av de aktuelle forholdene, inkludert eventuelle særnorske forhold.
Authors
Monica Sanden Johanna Eva Bodin Nur Duale Kristian Prydz Volha Shapaval Tage Thorstensen Anne-Marthe Ganes Jevnaker Ville Erling SipinenAbstract
The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) has assessed an application for approval of the genetically modified maize MON 94804 for food and feed uses, import and processing in the EU. In accordance with an assignment specified by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) and the Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA), VKM assesses whether genetically modified organisms (GMOs) intended for the European market can pose risks to human or animal health, or the environment in Norway. VKM assesses the scientific documentation regarding GMO applications seeking approval for use of GMOs as food and feed, processing, or cultivation. The EU Regulation 1829/2003/EC (Regulation) covers living GMOs that fall under the Norwegian Gene Technology Act, as well as processed food and feed from GMOs (dead material) that fall under the Norwegian Food Act. The regulation is currently not part of the EEA agreement or implemented in Norwegian law. Norway conducts its own assessments of GMO applications in preparation for the possible implementation of the Regulation. In accordance with the assignment by NFSA and NEA, VKM assesses GMO applications during scientific hearings initiated by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), as well as after EFSA has published its own risk assessment of a GMO, up until EU member countries vote for or against approval in the EU Commission. The assignment is divided into three stages. (link) Maize MON 94804 MON 94804 is a genetically modified maize developed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation of maize cells. Maize MON 94804 expresses a micro-RNA (miRNA) transcript, that leads to reduced levels of the hormone gibberellin in the plant. Gibberellin is involved in, i.a., plant stem elongation. Thus, maize MON 94804 plants grow shorter than other maize. The scientific documentation provided in the application for maize MON 94804 is adequate for risk assessment, and in accordance with EFSA guidance on risk assessment of genetically modified plants for use in food or feed. The VKM GMO panel does not consider the introduced modifications in maize MON 94804 to imply potential specific health or environmental risks in Norway, compared to EU-countries. The EFSA scientific Opinion is adequate also for Norwegian conditions. Therefore, a full risk assessment of maize MON 94804 was not performed by the VKM GMO Panel.
Authors
Ville Erling Sipinen Monica Sanden Johanna Eva Bodin Nur Duale Anne-Marthe Ganes Jevnaker Kristian Prydz Volha Shapaval Tage ThorstensenAbstract
The Norwegian Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) has performed a preliminary assessment of an application for authorization for the genetically modified maize event DP202216 in the EAA. The scope of the application includes all uses of maize DP202216 and sub-combinations independently of their origin equivalent to the uses of any other maize grain and forage. The assessment was performed in connection with EFSAs (European Food Safety Authorities) public hearing of application EFSA-GMO-NL-2019-159, on request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority and the Norwegian Environment Agency. The assessment of maize DP202216 is based on information provided by the applicant in the application EFSA-GMO-NL-2019-159, and relevant peer-reviewed scientific literature. Maize DP202216 has the potential to enhanced grain yield, and provides tolerance to glufosinate-ammonium herbicides. Authorisation process for genetically modified organisms Through the EEA Agreement, the EU Directive 2001/18/EC on deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms is implemented in Norwegian law. Norway is therefore affiliated with the GMO authorisation process in the EU. In the EU, both GMOs and derived products are regulated by the Directive and Regulation 1829/2003/EC. The Regulation concerns genetically modified food and feed and is currently not a part of the EEA Agreement. In preparation for a legal implementation of the Regulation in Norwegian law, Norway follows the EU proceedings for GMO applications. When a company seeks approval of a genetically modified organism, the application is submitted to the national competent authority of an EU Member State, which forwards the application to EFSA. EFSA then submits the application for a public hearing across all EEA countries. VKM conducts its own review of the application and sends its comments to EFSA. EFSA then completes their scientific opinion based on information from the applicant, comments from EEA member countries and independent literature. The scientific opinion is then issued to the European Commission. VKM submitted their comments on application EFSA-GMO-NL-2019-159 to EFSA before the deadline January 3, 2020.
Authors
Monica Sanden Johanna Eva Bodin Nur Duale Anne-Marthe Ganes Jevnaker Kristian Prydz Volha Shapaval Ville Erling Sipinen Tage ThorstensenAbstract
The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) has assessed an application for approval of the genetically modified maize DP915635 for food and feed uses, import and processing in the EU. In accordance with an assignment specified by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) and the Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA), VKM assesses whether genetically modified organisms (GMOs) intended for the European market can pose risks to human or animal health, or the environment in Norway. VKM assesses the scientific documentation regarding GMO applications seeking approval for use of GMOs as food and feed, processing, or cultivation. The EU Regulation 1829/2003/EC (Regulation) covers living GMOs that fall under the Norwegian Gene Technology Act, as well as processed food and feed from GMOs (dead material) that fall under the Norwegian Food Act. The regulation is currently not part of the EEA agreement or implemented in Norwegian law. Norway conducts its own assessments of GMO applications in preparation for the possible implementation of the Regulation. In accordance with the assignment by NFSA and NEA, VKM assesses GMO applications during scientific hearings initiated by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), as well as after EFSA has published its own risk assessment of a GMO, up until EU member countries vote for or against approval in the EU Commission. The assignment is divided into three stages. (link) Maize DP915635 DP915635 is a genetically modified maize that expresses the insecticidal protein IPD079Ea for control of corn rootworm pests, the enzyme phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) for tolerance to glufosinate-ammonium herbicides, and the enzyme phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) that was used as a selectable marker during development. The scientific documentation provided in the application for DP915635 maize is adequate for risk assessment, and in accordance with EFSA guidance on risk assessment of genetically modified plants for use in food or feed. The VKM GMO panel does not consider the introduced modifications in DP915635 maize to imply potential specific health or environmental risks in Norway, compared to EU-countries. The EFSA scientific Opinion is adequate also for Norwegian conditions. Therefore, a full risk assessment of DP915635 maize was not performed by the VKM GMO Panel. About the assignment: In stage 1, VKM shall assess the health and environmental risks of the genetically modified organism and derived products in connection with the EFSA scientific hearing of GMO applications. VKM shall review the scientific documentation that the applicant has submitted and possibly provide comments to EFSA. VKM must also consider: i) whether there are specific Norwegian conditions that could give other risks in Norway than those mentioned in the application, ii) whether the Norwegian diet presents a different health risk for the Norwegian population should the GMO be approved, compared to the European population, and iii) risks associated with co-existence with conventional and/or ecologic production of plants for GMOs seeking approval for cultivation. Relevant measures to ensure co-existence must also be considered. In stage 2, VKM shall assess whether comments from Norway have been satisfactorily answered by EFSA. In addition, VKM shall assess whether comments from other countries imply need for further follow-up. If EFSAs response to Norwegian comments is not satisfactory, or comments by other countries imply the need for further follow-up, VKM shall in stage 3 perform a risk assessment of these conditions, including conditions specific to Norway.