Publications
NIBIOs employees contribute to several hundred scientific articles and research reports every year. You can browse or search in our collection which contains references and links to these publications as well as other research and dissemination activities. The collection is continously updated with new and historical material.
1992
Abstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Halvor SolheimAbstract
Healthy Norway spruee trees were investigated over 130 weeks following successful attack by the bark beetle Ips typographus in a study of fungal invasion. The study was undetaken in southeastern Norway during an epidemic period. Sapwood moisture was measured and the tree reaction and beetle activity were noted. Fungal invasion was examined in disc samples taken 1, 5, 10 and 15 m above stump height. The fungal penetration in the sapwood started very slowly, but accelerated during the fouth week after attack. The leading edge of fungal penetration was a few millimeters in advance of the visible blue-stain until the heathwood was reached. The development of blue-stain was similar in Lardal, 1979, and at S, 1980, but with some differenees relatea to the air temperature. Fungi were found to invade the sapwood successively. The pathogenic species, Ophiostoma polonimm, was the primary invader occurring during the first week, followed by other beetletransmitted species. The secondary invaders, O. bicolor; Graphium sp. 1, O. penicillatum and O.ainoae, entered the sapwood during the first three weeks after attack and reaehed a peak within ten weeks. The tertiary invaders, probably also beetle transmitted, were not as common as the secondary colonizers. The first Hymenomycetes, rather weak white-rotters, appeared among the tertiary invaders. Later succession was dependent on the moisture content of sapwood. Strong decaying whiterotters entered the sapwood near the base where the moisture content remained favourable, while cf. Trichoderma viride dominated in the drier parts of the trees, where the sapwood moisture declined to fibre saturation point 75 weeks after attack. The heavy beetle attack, averaged 3.7 entrance holes per dm2 over more than ten meters of the stem, overwhelmed the trees rapidly and no secondary resinosis occurred.
Authors
Halvor SolheimAbstract
Healthy Norway spruce trees infested by the bark beetle Ips typographus were investigated weekly for 10 weeks to examine the early stages in fungal invasion. The study was performed in southeastern Norway during an epidemic period. The fungal association consisted of Ophiostoma species and an undescribed Graphium species, which invaded the sapwood in an obvious succession. The pathogenic species Ophiostoma polonicum was the first invader of both phloem and sapwood and was always in the leading edge of fungal penetration into sapwood. Ophiostoma bicolor followed O. polonicum in the sapwood invasion. These species were successively replaced by Graphium sp. 1 , Ophiostoma pennicillatum and Ophiostoma ainoae. Ophiostoma pellicillatum seems to be more adapted to colonizing the phloem than the sapwood. The earliest invaders were the species most frequently carried by the beetles.
1991
Authors
Paal KrokeneAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Guro BrodalAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Abstract
test av sammendrag
Authors
Halvor SolheimAbstract
During an outbreak in the 1970\"s, millions of Norway spruce trees were killed by the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. At that time, little was known about the associated fungi and their role in the tree-killing process. Studies were started to elucidate ecological aspects of fungi associated with I. typographus, with special emphasis on the fungal invasion process.I. typographus has no mycangium and caries a variety of fungal spores, externally in pits on the pronota and elytra and internally within the digestive tract. Spores are also transmitted by phoretic mites. Most species belong to Ophiostomataceae and confusions within some important species have been put right. The fungal flora aseetle, but with some variations. Four species proved to be common in Norway, but Ophiostoma polonicum was more frequent in epidemic areas man in endemic areas . The frequency of this species is thus suspected to increase during epidemics. Studies during epidemic conditions revealed that the fungi invaded the sapwood of infested Norway spruce trees in an obvious succession, with O. polonicum in the leading edge of fungal penetration until heartwood was reached. The species found to be most commonly transmitted by I. typographus were shown to be first in the succession.The temperature is important for the rate of fungal invasion and the development of visible blue-stain, which occurred close to the leading edge of fungal penetration. The fungal colonization of sapwood leads to a gradual decrease in the moisture content, followed by desiccation symptoms in the foliage of infested trees. The tree trunks soon reached a moisture level not favourable for decaying Hymenomycetes, except near the base of the trees.The primary invader O. polonicum appeared to be pathogenic to Norway spruce trees when mass inoculated, while the secondary invaders were not at the given load of infection doses. However, the inoculation doses are of importance for the success of inoculated fungi. Judging from the large reaction zones in the phloem made by same secondary invaders, they may play an important role in the tree killing process in areas with low frequencies of O. polonicum. O. polonicum can kill other species of spruce used in European forestry and Douglas fir, so the fact that conifers other than Norway spruce rather rarely are attacked by I. typographus seems not to depend on the absence of a pathogenic fungus to overwhelm the trees.The fungi associated with I. typographus are sensitive to the lesion resin produced by Norway spruce trees in response to the fungal invasion. The potential of O. polonicum to be a primary invader seems to be linked to its rapid growth rate and ability to grow for a prolonged period under oxygen-deficient conditions. In conclusion, it seems that the interrelationship between Norway spruce, I. typographus and associated fungi is similar to other interrelationships. One of the associated fungi, O. polonicum, appeared lo play a key role in overwhelming infested trees due its abilily to grow for a prolonged period in wood with low oxygen pressure.
Authors
Halvor SolheimAbstract
The Eurasian sprucc bark beetle, Ips typogaphus carries spores of several fungi induding Ophiostoma bicolor, O. pellicillatum and O. polonicum. However, after attack on Norway spruce trees O. polonicum is the pioneer invader of the sapwood while other species follow. To determine the causes behind this distinct succession experiments were performed comparing growth rate, tolerance to oxygen-deficient conditions and to spruce resin between these early invaders. In sealed tubes with limited oxygen. O. polonicum grew for a longer time than three other species regularly associated with I. typagraphus in Norway. The non-volatile components of lesion resin induced by fungal attack, as opposed to preformed resin, inhihited the growth of all species, but partirularly O. polonicum. O. polonicum grew rapidly on malt agar, but not faster than some of the other species associated with I. typographus. It is concluded that rapid growth and the abilily lo tolerate low oxygen pressure are important attributes for primary invaders, allowing tree resistance mechanisms to be overcome following mass inoculation.
Abstract
No abstract has been registered
1990
Abstract
No abstract has been registered